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              您當前的位置:首頁 >> 翻譯知識
              一些常用詞匯
              發布者:kingworld 發布時間:2010-08-09 11:30:01 閱讀:4077

              by bocai

              kimono 和服
              downsizing 減員
              streamline 精簡
              on the job/in-service 在職
              pegging (the currency to US dollars)
              disposable 一次性
              think tank 智囊團
              round the clock service 全天候服務
              (free) convertibility (自由)兌換
              find a sugar daddy 傍大款
              Nordic 北歐
              non-renewable 不可再生
              out and out 徹頭徹尾
              deadlock 僵局
              top notch
              tertiary industry 第三產業
              fair (market) value 市值
              refund 退款
              axis-of-evil 邪惡軸心
              (nuclear) nonproliferation 核不擴散
              holistic 整體的
              one-off 一次性(解決)的;一攬子的
              turnkey 總承包的;現成可使用的
              in-house 自有的;(in-house finance company)
              round-up 匯總?
              low-key
              overseas returnee 海歸
              framework accord 框架協議
              WTO accession 加入WTO
              non-exclusive license 非專用特許
              royalty free 無版權費的
              sublicense 轉授權;轉發許可證
              TBD to be decided
              creature comforts 衣食
              recapitalization 資產重組
              RPI(Retail Price Index) 零售物價指數
              overriding concern 高于一切的考慮
              Lanyard 系索
              copyright 著作權
              royalty 版權
              compliance 合規性
              extension 展期
              co-lead underwriter 副主承銷商
              Advisory Board 咨詢委員會
              Board of Councillors 理事會
              entrepreneur 創業者
              upmarket 高端的
              attorney general 首席檢察官
              gain/assume an upper hand
              godsend windfall
              Mfg. manufacturing
              well positioned
              upscale 高端的
              clientele 客戶群
              self starter 白手起家人
              mock up
              down round 籌資首輪
              mass market vs. submarket 總的市場/次級市場(比如根據某個標準分的客戶群)
              dysfunctional
              letter/power of attorney 委任書
              Bloomberg competitor of Reuters; provider of realtime financial data
              market clout 市場影響(?)
              consumer shelf space
              Performance driven
              rehaul (a business) 重組;
              sell-back (與buy-out相對)
              monograph 專題(論述)
              take-away message the message that the audience should be receiving if your presentation is to be effective
              verbatim 逐字逐句的說法(比如銷售“定式”用語)
              Liquidity Trap 流動性陷阱(寧愿把資金存放于銀行拿取零利息的回報,也不愿再投資賠了)
              many a little makes a mickle 集腋成裘
              reservist 后備兵
              at eleventh hours 關鍵時刻
              misnomer 用詞不當
              payoff 收益
              outperform 超過
              bailout 解決;救援(for instance, the bailout from IMF for South Korea and other SE Asian countries after financial crisis)
              blackout
              proliferation
              unlisted managed funds
              unbiased
              honor of N/R (notes receivable)/dishonor 到期兌現
              現金流折現(確定企業價值的方法之一,其他如凈資產)
              residual claimant equity holder (who can only claim assets after debts and so on are paid)
              political cronies 政府人員辦的關聯企業
              value-based pricing 價值導向定價法(區別于cost-based pricing,指能為客戶帶來多少價值來確定價格,而不是消耗了多少成本,比如飛機票)
              clearinghouse like exchange(交換場所)
              value of synergy 企業兼并之后帶來的利益
              post-investment values (注意post的用法)
              techie 做技術的人(與salesman相對)
              on-target 專注于最終目標的
              optimum 最適宜的
              pro professional (n.)
              overhead 還有一個意思是“投影”,類似powerpoint
              sweat equity Equity acquired by a company's executives on favorable terms, to reflect the value the executives have added and will continue to add to the company.
              in line 與預期相符的
              YTD (year-to-date) 從Jan 1到目前的時間
              scorched earth 焦土政策
              economies of scope 范圍經濟(與economies of scale相比)
              toehold 小支點,起點
              industry observer 行業觀察家
              networking 商業構建私人關系網
              at-door/site registration
              speaker podium
              conference backdrop 會議背景幕
              trade-up 升級
              ease of maintenance/repair 維修的容易度
              hammer out (a strategy, for instance) work out
              cap (金額)最高限度;upper limit
              lifetime (債券等的)存期
              secular long-term
              double dip recession 二次蕭條(特指本次美國經濟泡沫破滅后,還將面臨的進一步衰退)
              fringe benefits 附加福利(除國家規定外的)
              annual leave 年假
              cant hypocrisy
              disposal of plant & equipment
              call to order 宣布開會;要求遵守秩序
              second the motion 附議
              motion carried 動議通過
              window dressing 粉飾
              end-state 最終狀態
              scrap 廢品(與rework相對)
              disagrregate 分解
              one-of-a-kind unique
              solidity 可*性
              non-core business
              MIS (management information system) 管理信息系統
              in due course 稍后
              7-11便利店
              numerator/denominator 分子/分母
              winding-up 結算;停業
              revolving door conflict of interests
              subsidiary/member companies 下屬公司
              coach 大客車
              OEM/aftermarket parts 汽車業的前/后配件
              assembly plant 汽車整車廠
              elevated rail 輕軌
              honorary 名譽
              hardliner
              overreaching
              deputy magistrate 副區長(虹口)
              size up 估計
              offer .. Advancement over 比。。。更高的優勢
              litmus test 試金石
              money order 匯票
              pass/fail rates
              Actuary 精算師
              vignette /vi'njet/ 裝飾圖;花邊文字
              China Resources 香港華潤集團
              stagflation 通脹
              downplay 不予重視
              AAF (Asset Allocation Fund) this fund divides its investment in equity, bond, assets, etc.
              Fannie Mae Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (a government-sponsored enterprise)
              World Bank i.e., International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
              supranational (institution) 跨國組織,如World Bank
              private banking 私人銀行(為其理財,通常針對大額儲戶)
              captive finance company 為大公司自有的金融公司
              Federal Reserve Board
              forward contract 遠期合約(與期貨的不同在于:1。標準化;2.在OTC上交易,而不是交易所;3.保證金;4.期貨需每日結算,以控制頭寸;
              spot price (期貨中)現價
              money center bank drawing funds primarily from domestic and international money market instead of deposits
              foreclose prevent
              treasury secretary 財長
              rundown 綱要
              passbook 銀行存折
              property & Casualty company 對應于life company(人壽保險公司而言)
              GIC (Guaranteed investment contract)
              floor 最低值,保底值
              investment grade;noninvestment grade (junk bond) 中等到高等credit rating的stock或bond(BBB以上)
              boutique specialized investment-related company, e.g., research firm, focused on high-tech, etc.
              crowding out effect 指政府增加expenditure之后造成利率上升、private investment反而減少的情況。
              bank run 擠兌
              velocity (of money) 貨幣周轉率(=GDP/money supply)
              quantity theory of money 貨幣數量理論(指Velocity和output保持不變,因此money supply與price成反比)
              escalator clauses 自動調整條款(根據物價水平對wages等進行調整)
              ceilings/floors 上限/下限
              tax incidence 租稅歸宿(指由consumer還是supplier承擔,有actural和statutory之分)
              deadweight loss 無謂損失
              elastic 伸縮度,(指demand和supply對price的敏感程度,越elastic,說明price的微小變動就能引起suppply/demand的巨大變動 The general formula for elasticity is: E = percent change in x / percent change in y
              marginal utility 邊際效用
              sunk cost / stranded cost = fixed cost
              economic profit 超額利潤(accounting profit超出opportunity cost的那部分,在pure competitive market中,長期超額利潤為零,即zero economic profit)
              cold call 陌生電訪(向推銷員,找工作的人的撞大運式地亂打電話)
              Asian newly industrializing economies (NIE'S)
              brown field investment 即外資購買或租賃現有廠房進行生產
              shelf registration 總括申報; 暫擱註冊制度
              fourth market 指投資者直接交換股票
              third market 在OTC交易交易所上市股票
              basis point (bips) 基本點,相對于0.01%
              style box (基金)中指某類基金,如成長型大市值基金
              indenture/deed of trust 債券契約
              fast moving consumer goods 快速消費品




              Heavy Vehicle Technologies and Systems Group (HVTSG) Dana的一個新部門
              Roadranger Dana和Eaton的供應商(技術?)
              powertrain 動力傳動系列(驅動軸、離合器、變速箱、差速器)
              victor reinz division Dana的一個部門
              actuator 作動器
              torque converter 變矩器
              aftermarket (汽車用)零配件零售市場;在證券市場中相當于secondary market
              named/unnamed sources 有/無來源的消息
              China National Investment & Guaranty Corp. (I&G) 中國經濟技術投資擔保公司(簡稱中投保)
              grass bag 草袋
              bag frame
              wiring harness 固化在(汽車)上的電線
              muffler 消音器
              sub assembly 次組合件(注:assembly在配件中的含義為組合件的意思)
              gear case 齒輪箱
              exhaust tube 排氣管
              sprocket 鏈齒輪
              lifter 升降機
              brake lever 手閘;剎車桿
              250cc cc: cubic centimeter
              ATV (all terrain vehicle) 全地形車
              idler pulley 空轉輪;惰輪
              worm gear 渦輪
              rear drive 后輪驅動
              Dinli 杭州鼎力機械有限公司
              FF式 Front engine front drive(前置引擎,前輪驅動)
              FR式 Front engine rear drive (前置引擎,后輪驅動)
              mesh 嚙合
              universal joint 萬向接頭
              four-wheel drive 四輪驅動
              radiator 散熱器
              wheel rim 鋼圈
              halogen 鹵素
              wheel base 輪距
              memorandum of association 公司組織大綱
              certificate of good standing 公司狀況良好證明書;資信狀;信任狀
              Deere & Co. John Deere
              rent seeking 尋租
              unencumbered assets 無負擔資產
              fixture 固定裝置
              trade name 商號;廠商名稱
              promissory note 本票;期票
              line of credit; credit line; bank line 信用額度
              franchise 特許
              replication 大批量生產
              credit division 信貸部
              OEM financial arm OEM的金融機構
              model 車型(用于汽車業)
              OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer (在商業中指與分銷機構相對的廠商;從別處獲得零件進行組合生產最終產品的廠商)
              trade up (慫恿)買更貴的東西
              holdback rebate(回扣)
              indemnification 補償
              non-exclusive 非獨家的;一般的(exclusive為獨家)
              standing 常務
              letter of engagement 工作關系證明
              earn out 收益外購法 (一種取決于公司既得收益的資產購置法,它允許個人目前只支付所購股票一半的成本,其余部分5年內付清。)
              concur with agree with
              Elopak 一家挪威的食品公司,與Wayne Smith有來往
              deal sweetener 改善交易的措施
              downstream product 下游產品
              psi Pounds per square inch(每平方英寸磅)
              delivery firm (courier service) 快遞公司
              print (of a product, e.g., rider) 圖紙
              SKU stock keeping unit (庫存單位);即指單一貨品,比如超市中擺在貨架上的某個特定產品
              WIP work in process (
              drivetrain 動力傳動系列(驅動軸、離合器、變速箱、差速器)
              nomenclature 命名法
              parking brake 停車閘
              downshift; upshift 調高/低檔
              shift lever 變速桿
              tridem 六輪的(與tandem對比)
              assembly 總成??
              undisclosed sum 未披露的金額
              Eurobond 歐元債券
              Jt. Joint
              turnaround 回轉
              rocker arm 搖臂
              clearance 間距
              cross country vehicle (CCV) 越野車
              fuel efficiency/economy 燃油效率(每加侖汽油英里數)gas mile standard
              hybrid car 汽油、電動混合型車
              fuel cell 電池型車
              extraordinary items 非常項目
              unusual expense (income) 非常規費用(收入)
              minority interest 少數股權
              equity in affiliates 附屬公司權益
              discontinued operations 停止經營部分補償費用(與continuing operations比較)
              diluted EPS 調整后/攤薄每股收益(指凈利潤除以年末普通股數,而(加權)每股收益則是指凈利潤除以年內的加權股數);攤薄一般比加權收益低,但在回購情況下反而高。
              pro forma statements Financial statements as adjusted to reflect a projected or planned transaction
              amortization 攤銷
              Mkt Cap 總市值
              52-wk range 52周價格波動范圍
              capital lease obligations 資本性租賃下長期債務
              debt vs liabilities 債務/負債
              paid-in capital
              intermodal 聯運的(各種交通方式混合的)
              Transamerica
              Pacific rim 太平洋周邊地區
              Trac Lease PoolStat chassis management program
              non-core assets 非核心資產
              BOT build-operate-transfer (項目融資;國內成為特許權融資方式)
              Concession Agreement 特許權協議
              freight forwarder 貨運公司
              legal proceedings 法律事項
              wire fence 絲網欄桿
              Stern Stewart 思騰思特公司
              MVA 市場增加值(比較EVA)
              TQM 全面質量管理total quality management
              contra account 抵消科目
              uncollectible account (bad debt, bad loan) 壞帳
              allowance for doubtful accounts, provision for bad debts 壞帳準備
              bad debts recovery
              salvage (residual) value 殘值
              accumulated depreciation 累計折舊
              accrued expenses 應付費用(注意與accounts payable的不同)
              retained earnings (also called earned surplus or accumulated earnings or unappropriated profit) 保留盈余(又稱未分配盈余、盈余公積、累計盈余或保留凈利)Earnings not paid out as dividends but instead reinvested in the core business or used to pay off debt.
              deferred tax 遞延稅項(指因為采取不同會計原則而造成實際應稅所得和會計利潤不等的情況,最常見的情況就是根據稅法采取加速折舊法,而為了報表好看又采用直線折舊法,這樣造成的稅差就作為負債出現。也可以出現在凈利潤增加、所有制權益項目下。
              Accrual Basis 權責發生制
              General Ledger 總分類帳
              Subsidiary Ledger 明細分類帳
              full disclosure 全面披露
              Allowance method 備抵法
              write-off/-up/-down 對資產的記賬方法,off是指將assets value記為expense,up和down是指增加或減少資產價值
              Consignment 寄銷
              Inventory overages 存貨盈余(與shortage對比)
              Premium on bonds 債券溢價(discount折價)
              Construction-in-process 在建工程
              Units-of-production method (UOP) 工作量法(計算折舊的一種方法)
              Contingency 或有事項
              loss/profit contingency 或有損失(或有利得)
              additional paid-in capital;Capital surplus;Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par; Premium on Common stock 資本公積(是相對于capital stock,即按面值計算的股價與實際發行額之間的差值)
              Unrealized holding gains or losses 未實現的資產持有損益(即手中的股票的購買價與市價的差額)
              consolidated financial statements 合并財務報表
              deferred income tax liabilities 遞延所得稅負債(指某些所得稅需要在日后支付)
              contingent liabilities 或有負債(like potential legal claims, debt guarantees)
              income stmt income statement
              reverse stock split
              待攤費用
              預提費用(預提費用是指預先分月計入各月成本,費用,在以后才實際支付的費用,是應付而未付的費用。)
              refund 退款
              計提(指為了應付不利條件出現而準備的金額,類似壞帳準備)
              operating income 營業收入(相當于EBIT: earnings before interest payments and income tax; also called operating profit)
              sales revenue 主營收入
              advance 預付款
              write down (資產賬面價值)降低
              net of tax 扣除稅的
              hedging 套期保值
              common size statement 共同比分析(以百分比來顯示報表)
              treasury share 是涉及到diluted common stock的一種算法
              credit line 信用額度
              working capital 營運資金(等于現有資產減去現有負債); working capital cycle管理,等于是對working capital的各個方面,即存貨、A/R,A/P等加以管理。Working capital ratio = (Inventory+A/P-A/R)/sales.
              upfront 預付的,先期的
              tax deductibility 避稅
              factoring 應收賬款管理服務(有點類似L/C,保證銷售方收到貨款)factor即代理人。
              credit insurance 信用保險(與factoring對比)
              securitization 證券化(有financing securitization和assets兩種,前者即指直接發行債券等;后者相當于利用資產作抵押,置換成證券)對于assets securitization來說,If the asset only plays as a pledge and the payment source is still the whole business, then the credit transaction of this kind is only the mortgaged or pledged financing; and If the payment source is the cash-flow from the asset which has been structured to be bankrupt remote, that is asset securitizaiton.
              private label 借助于其他(商鋪)現成的服務/部件,打出自己的品牌;也可以采用co-branding的形式,即放棄自己的品牌,與合作方共用一個品牌;比如軟件業中借助某個公用的東西,再自己定制一下,貼個牌就成了自己的產品,類似于OEM
              off-balance sheet 表外處理
              revolver (revolving credit facilities) 滾動借貸
              term loan; term credit facility 見上
              floor plan financing 為某種特定產品而融資
              in-house counsel internal counsel,公司自有律師
              reorganization 重組(POR,重組計劃)
              fluid seal 流體密封
              steering shafts 轉向軸
              mixer 混凝土攪拌車(heavy-duty vehicle的一種)
              pinion 小齒輪
              housing 外殼;殼體
              leading time 訂貨到交貨的時間;加工準備時間
              inbound/outbound 向內/外出的
              module 比chassis低一級的總成,比product高一級
              speed to market 推想市場速度
              suspension 懸架
              LIBOR London InterBank Offered Rate(倫敦同業拆放利率),作為基本的利率,通常再加上一定百分比
              ESOP (Employee Stock Ownership Plan) 員工持股計劃(類似于MBO,不同之處在于是員工收購)
              equity carve-out 切股 Sometimes known as a partial spinoff, a carve out occurs when a parent company sells a minority (usually 20% or less) stake in a subsidiary for an IPO or rights offering.
              asset-backed securities (ABS) 資產抵押證券
              loan originator (sponsor?)
              recourse 追索權
              floating rate 浮動利率
              debenture Unsecured debt obligation, issued against the general credit of a corporation, rather than against a specific asset.
              marketability 流動性(變現性?)
              Sinking fund Money set aside by an issuer of bonds on a regular basis, for the specific purpose of redeeming debt.
              zero-coupon bond 零息債券
              Leverage The use of borrowed money to increase investing power.
              junk bond; high-yield bond 夾層債券(在LBO中的含義);高收益/垃圾債券
              reserve ratios (銀行的)準備金率
              Federal Reserve Bank banker's bank (like People's Bank)
              life company/P&C company the two types of insurance companies, P&C stands for property and casualty
              underwriting income 保險收入
              bridge financing 短期融資(temporary funds loaned until permanent debt financing is completed
              Money Market 貨幣市場(系指包括金融拆放市場以及一年期以下短期有價證券進行交易的公開市場)。
              Commercial Paper 短期及無抵押借據,一般由具信譽企業所發行
              HIS Hang Seng Index
              Red Chip 在香港註冊和上市,但是控股權屬中國的公司。
              Support/resistance Level 支持價位/阻力價位。買家的數目總多於賣家的數目,使價格不能繼續下降時的價格。
              SEHK 香港聯合交易所有限公司
              Trust Deed 信託契約(信託成立的法律文件,清楚訂出信託的條款,信託人及受益人姓名。 )
              bulge bracket 最大的投資銀行集團
              red herring preliminary prospectus(非正式招股說明書)
              preemptive rights offering 優先配股(股票以比市價更低的價格出售給現有持股人)
              Shenzhen Development Bank 深發展
              payout
              carrier 運輸商
              forwarder 運輸商
              overseas foray 海外拓展
              axle gear 橋齒輪
              vehicular manufacturer 車輛制造商
              Dana Credit Corporation
              ground clearance 最小離地間距
              transfer case 分動箱(后備的,用來轉移多余的Torque?)
              Differential(Auto) 差速器
              propeller shaft 傳動軸
              NVH Noise, vibration, and harshness
              4WD (four wheel drive) 四輪驅動
              Gasket 襯板;襯墊
              ABS (Anti-Lock Brake System) 防 鎖 死 煞 車 系 統
              Mechatronic Systems 機電系統
              fluid power 流體
              continuous variable transmission 無級變速器
              planetary gear 行星齒輪
              coil spring 螺旋彈簧
              rear/side tipper 后/側翻斗車
              tanker 罐式汽車;油罐車
              special purpose vehicle 特種車
              power takeoff (PTO) 取力器
              bevel gear 錐齒輪
              long-haul transport 長途運輸
              Roadranger System a complete line of drivetrain components and truck systems, including manual and automatic transmissions, clutches, driveshafts, steer and drive axles, trailer axles and suspensions, brakes, anti-lock braking systems, tire pressure management systems and collision warning systems
              Cardan Joint 萬向接頭
              steering knuckle 轉向節
              Buyout Fund 收購型基金
              MBI 管理層換購,指由一支新的管理隊伍替換現任管理層,并由其收購、控制公司
              POE (public-owned enterprise)
              niche market 小而專的市場;小規模特定市場
              BCG Boston Consulting Group
              equity kicker An offer of an ownership position (equity) in a deal involving a loan.
              BOC Bank of China
              PIPE Private Investment in Public Equity;已上市公司再向投資者募集資金
              ODM Original Design Manufacturer
              p.a. per annum
              benchmarking 基準管理;標桿管理
              PCB printed circuit board (印刷電路板)
              Buyout 出讓?
              return 資本利得
              SPC (special purpose corporation) 特設的機構, 即金融資產的買方(主要是投資銀行),再出售ABS
              QFII(Qualified Foreign Institutional Investors) 合格的外國投資者制度。中國臺灣、韓國、印度、巴西等國家和地區在20世紀90年代初就設立和實施了這種制度。QFII制度是許多國家和地區,特別是新興市場經濟體普遍實施的在貨幣沒有完全可自由兌換、資本項目尚未開放的情況下有限度地引進外資,開放資本市場的一項過渡性制度。它允許經核準的合格外國機構投資者(QFII)在一定的規定和限制下匯入一定額度的外匯資金,并轉換為當地貨幣,通過嚴格監督管理的專門賬戶投資當地證券市場,其資本利得、股息等經審核后可轉換為外匯匯出的一種市場開放模式。QFII制度本質上就是對進入本國證券市場的外資進行一定的限制。
              water utilities 水務
              consolidated statement 合并報表
              displacement (摩托車)排氣量
              Bore Stroke 內徑×行程
              Starting mode 啟動方式
              sparking mode 點火方式
              compression ratio 壓縮比(指氣缸總容量與壓縮室的容量比。)
              sports utility vehicle SUV (多用途車)
              MPV (multi-purpose vehicle) 商用車(能坐多人,比如別克的GL 7 seater)
              RV (Recreational vehicle) 休閑車(SUV是RV的一個分支)
              paint 噴漆
              press workshop 沖壓車間
              body workshop 車身車間
              Daimler Chrysler (DCX) 戴克
              Aeolus Automobile 風神汽車
              centralized competitive pricing (auction bidding) (開盤)集合競價
              ADR (American Depository Receipt) 美國存托憑證(外國投資者委托美國機構設立存托憑證,從而在美國的市場上進行交易,分為三級,級別越高,SEC的登記要求就越高)
              tombstone 墓碑廣告(承銷結束后在報紙上刊登的反映承銷商地位的廣告)
              broker/dealer/market maker (function is to maintain liquidity) 經紀商/自營商/作市商
              specialist 特許作市商(在一個市場上專門負責某個股票交易的作市商,比較多元作市商(一個股票有若干個作市商))
              asset-light strategy 輕資產戰略
              sub-compact 微型車
              stamping 沖壓(件)
              Newbridge Capital 新橋投資(新近接手了深發展)
              Bain Capital 貝恩投資
              Jia-Lu Yin Mckinsey
              COGS (cost of goods sold) 商品銷售成本
              distributor 分銷商(bigger than dealer)
              in house 指將諸如分銷商、供應商等并入自己的公司
              hurdle rate 預設回報率;分割收益率
              carried interest 附帶收益(按照獲利的一定百分比撥給經理人(普通合伙人),從10%到30%不等,一般是年度獲利的20%;而在20%扣除后,剩下的則按照出資在有限合伙人之間分配)
              performance fee (基金中)的績效費(在扣除了preferred return之后,與management fee相對)
              preferred return 優先收益(基金中投資人應得的部分,6%)
              nil entry fee
              superannuation 超年金(政府年金之外建立的養老保險)
              soft landing 軟著陸
              Bloomberg 彭博資訊
              premises 辦公場所
              net profit margin 凈邊際利潤率
              ROA/ROE/ROI 資產回報率/凈資產回報率(股本回報率)/投資收益
              Valuation Modelling 估值模型
              private equity investment 私募股權投資
              withholding tax 預扣稅;預提稅(一個主權國家對外國資金的一種管理方式,可分為紅利預提稅(Dividend Withholding)和利息預提稅(Interest Withholding Tax)
              money-laundering 洗錢
              custodian;custodian fee (基金)托管人;托管費
              stamp duties 印花稅
              capital gains tax 資本收益稅 (unrealized capital gains,為了逃避capital gains tax,很多assets沒有變賣,所以也就成了未實現資本收益,同時也造成了locked-up capital );比如買股票之后賣掉就相對于實現了資本收益。比較:capital loss
              Federal Reserve Bank 聯邦儲備銀行
              tax-exempt 免稅的
              capital formation 資本結構;集資
              (investment) vehicle (在融資中)指用于融資的載體或工具
              debt financing vs. equity financing
              IRR 內部收益率(internal rate of return)=使投資的凈現值等于零的貼現率
              business line 主營業務
              investment pipeline
              pro rata 按比例的,a "pro rata" share
              trust indenture (基金)的信托契約(規定基金的條款)
              financial holding company 金融控股公司(類似于混業經營的金融公司)
              promissary note;P/N (是notes receivable的一種) 本票,期票
              maturity date 到期日
              letter of Guarantee (L/G) (銀行)保證書(函)
              NPV (net present value) 現凈值(PV為現值)
              prospectus (在fund中相當于基金條款說明);公開說明書
              redemption (基金單位unit)的贖回
              price/book value 市凈率(市值/實際值),(上市公司指數:越高表示公司成長性越好)
              best practice 最佳的(比如best practive evaluation)
              limited/general partner (in funds) 有限/普通合伙人(基金)(有限合伙人即出資人,按所出的金額程度責任;普通合伙人為基金管理人,出資一般為1%,需要為資金負全部責任)
              screening 篩選
              deal structuring 交易構造(創業企業(即被投資企業)與投資基金之間的一系列協議,規定金融工具選擇、交易價格、協議條款)
              Executive Summary 要點概述
              marketability 可操作性
              break-even 盈虧平衡點
              business valuation studies 公司評估
              mezzanine financing 夾層融資(Venture capital term used to describe a company which is somewhere between startup and IPO. )
              owner-employee A sole proprietor or any individual who has ownership of at least one-fifth of the capital and/or profits associated with a given venture.
              EDGAR (Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis, and Retrieval) The SEC's system used by all public companies to transmit required filings, such as quarterly reports and annual reports and ongoing disclosure obligations.
              ROIC (return on invested capital) A measure of how effectively a company uses the money (borrowed or owned) invested in its operations. Calculated by: net income after taxes / (total assets less excess cash minus non-interest-bearing liabilities). Invested capital=noncurrent liabilities+shareholders' equity
              ETF (Exchange Traded Funds) 交易所交易基金,是一種在交易所買賣的有價證券,代表一攬子股票的所有權,通常基于某一指數進行完全被動式管理,兼具股票和指數基金的特色,所以也被稱為指數股票或指數參與單位。它被分割為一定規模的投資單位,可以連續發售和用一攬子股票贖回,提高了市場的定價效率,節省了基金的運作費用。另外,交易所交易基金和封閉式基金和開放式基金均不同,它是在所包含的股票的凈值附近運作。(注:比如開放式基金不能實時交易;而封閉式基金又經常偏離其價值(溢價或折價);指數基金大概也不能實時買賣,另外管理費也比ETF高)
              merger/acquisition/consolidation 兼并/收購/合并(兼并涉及企業重組,而收購一般只是業務重組;兼并善意,收購惡意;合并則是A+B=C)
              spin-off/divestiture 分拆/剝離(分立為按照比例將資產和負債獨立出去形成一個新公司;剝離則是出賣部分資產)spin-off: split-off(子股換母股;母公司仍然存在);split-up(完全拆分;母公司不復存在,分為幾個子公司)
              poison pill 毒藥防御(收購)計劃
              DCF (discounted cash-flow) 折現現金流量法(計算某一種投資標的,在未來一段時間內(通常10年),預期可以得到的現金流量及殘余價值,利用折現法折現成目前的價值。)
              tender offer (takeover bid) 公開股權收購(收購某公司的一種做法,也稱hostile takeover)
              Bank of China International 中銀國際控股有限公司
              fairness opinion 公正意見書
              job rotation 輪崗
              mandate 委任書(相當于將融資的選擇權完全交給投行;mandated transaction, mandated bank)
              State Asset Regulatory Commission 國資委
              bookrunner 簿記管理人(指銀團中的leading bank,負責單據的收發存放)
              (in) good faith 本著誠信的原則
              Steve Wang 即王瑋
              letter of understanding/intent, MOU (memorandum of understanding) 意向書
              liquid food 飲料
              finance house 金融公司
              license agreement 許可協議
              financial advisor 財務顧問(注意:可以指某個機構,也可以指人)
              engagement letter (審計)委托/說明書
              earn-out 獲利能力付款方案(指根據所收購公司的未來盈利能力來支付后期分期付款的支付方式。可以有首付款,也可以是零付款。不過這種方式對于賣方是比較吃虧的,因為等于是拿自己本來應該賺的錢來pay自己)(A clause in a contract between a large company that is buying the entire business of a small company. The clause may specify the small entrepreneur will realize additional money from the sale if the small company earnings exceed a specified amount after the buyout has occurred. )
              installment sales 分期付款(出售一家公司)
              trailing twelve month (TTM) 過去所采用的財務12個月框架(The timeframe of the past twelve months (the past year) used for reporting financial figures.)
              Delaware 特拉華州(D'Long Capital的注冊地)
              non-binding 不具約束力的
              Eco-power 經濟型的
              short list (人數已經縮減的)候選人名單
              surety 擔保
              demand deposit 活期存款(區別于term deposit)
              unit trust 單位信托基金 A unit trust is a collective investment scheme under which the investible securities of the fund are held on trust for the investors (similar to Mutual Fund).
              front-end load (購買基金時)先付手續費;銷售費
              gear 相當于leverage,Measure of the degree to which a business is funded by debt rather than shareholders' equity. The US expression for the same thing is leverage. A highly geared, or highly leveraged, company carries a lot of debt.
              (mandatory) provident fund 準備基金(比如pension?)
              toll road 收費公路(算作基礎設施)
              covenant-not-to-compete 競業禁止協議 (an an agreement that restrains or prevents a person or business from performing a lawful profession, trade or business is generally considered to restrain free trade and is not favored by the courts. )
              Samurai bond 武士債券(即外國針對日本投資者在日本發行的以日元計價的債券,類似的還有Yankee bond)
              Merchant bank 在歐洲指investment bank
              ABN 荷蘭銀行
              CICC (China International Capital Corporation Limited) 中國國際金融有限公司(中金公司);中銀則指BOCI, Bank of China International, 是中國本土的投行。
              sponsor 保薦人(類似于上市推薦人,香港通稱保薦人,在聯交所的主板上市規則中關于保薦人的規定也類似于上交所對于上市推薦人的規定,主要職責就是將符合條件的企業推薦上市)
              Tobin's Q 托賓Q值(=公司市場價值/資產重置成本),如果Q值小于1,說明價值被低估;如果>1,則說明無形資產所占的比重。實踐上廣泛采用的是Q值的近似值, 即股票市值對公司凈資產值的比率,凈資產是公司資產中可歸屬于股東的部份。該比率即眾所周知的“市值與面值”的比率,或簡稱估價比率。
              凈債務(長短期銀行貸款和其他借款扣除現金和現金等價物后的余額)
              golden parachute 鍍金降落傘(為了防止惡意收購而采取的增加管理層解職代價的措施)
              severance package 遣散費
              treasury stock 庫藏股(指發行之后又被公司回購的股票,不計入資產,只算是股東權益的減少部分)
              convertible/redeemable preferred 可轉/可贖回優先股
              senior/junior security; subordinated debt 優先/次級證券
              taxable income/pretax accounting income 應稅收入/稅前收入(一個是呈交稅務機構,一個是出現在利潤表上的)
              unabsorbed overhead 指沒有直接對利潤做出貢獻,但繼續發生的管理費用。比如合同中途中止,但費用還在繼續發生。
              CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate), e.g., 10-year CAGR 年綜合增長率
              OEE Overall Equipment Effectiveness
              KAM Key Account Management (關鍵客戶管理)
              debtor-in-possession (DIP) 債務人持有資產 A company that continues to operate while under the Chapter 11 bankruptcy process.
              chapter 11/chapter 7 chapter 11/7破產(美國),chapter 11規定由一個Creditor組成的委員會進行監管,但公司繼續運營;而Chapter 7則規定公司進入清算(參考DIP)
              defensible niche 擁有鞏固地位的市場;獨霸的市場
              discharge/dischargeable (liabilities/debts) 可以豁免的(債務)
              2002A, 2003E, 2004P, 2002B 分別是Actual, Estimated, Projected, Budget
              capital expenditure (Cap. Ex.) 資本支出(指用于購買廠房、設備等的支出)
              EVP Executive VP
              headcount 員工人數
              tranche 分期付款的份額??
              escrow 公正第三人(相當于保證人??)
              one-off 一次性付清
              cellular manufacturing 單元式制造;(kan ban(日語的signal的意思),利用它來降低廢品率)
              Del Monte 菲律賓地捫公司(一家生產液體食品的公司)
              equity EBITDA 指去除少數股東權益之后的EBITDA部分,乘以一個百分比
              LTM last twelve months (LTM ended Feb 28, 2003)
              run rate 一個以當前業績衡量未來盈利情況的估計值。How the financial performance of a company would look if you were to extrapolate current results out over a certain period of time.
              Covisint 福特公司的一個電子采購平臺,向這個平臺的Tier 1供貨商發出訂單之后,Tier 2/3的供貨商就能相應調整生產
              deconsolidation 分撥(物流術語)
              PPM, parts per million 百萬分之一
              YTD year to date
              CKD/SKD CKD指全散件組裝,SKD指半散件組裝(semi/completely knocked down)
              EV/FV; enterprise value/firm value 計算方式為:market capitalization + debt + preferred shares - cash
              log splitter 鋸木機?
              FASB (Financial Accounting Standards Board) 美國財務會計準則委員會
              Merger Premium 兼并時所支付的超過market value的部分
              payback period 項目投資回收時間
              FCFF (free cash flow to the firm) 閑余現金流量 FCFF = NOP – Taxes – Net Investment – Net Change in Working Capital
              PP&E Plant, property & equipment
              WACC weighted average cost of capital 公司的debt, preferred stock, common stock的
              Beta coefficient Beta系數,用來衡量公司volatility的指標,<1表示比平均指數穩定,>1表示股價更容易波動 (zero-beta portfolio)
              CAPM, capital asset pricing model 衡量風險與收益之間關系的一個值,如果收益比風險低,說明某個security不值得投資
              risk-free return 無風險回報,相當于90天期國債回報
              amenities 公共福利設施
              vertical/horizontal integration vertical integration即將生產過程的上下游全部統一,而horizontal integration類似supply chain management,橫向地選擇最好的廠商加以合作
              Jenn Feng 正峰工業股份有限公司(臺灣)
              Techtronics Industries 創科實業有限公司(收購了John Deere的Homelite)
              Simplicity 收購了Snapper
              add-on 類似于收購,作為主業的補充?
              information memorandum 投資資訊備忘錄(相當于指南性的投資資料)
              topline 指sales或revenue,相對于bottom line
              load/no-load fund 指買入fund時是否需要支付fee
              GST; goods and service tax 貨勞稅
              PST; provincial sales tax 地方營業稅
              corporate/market cannibalization 自相蠶食(指公司自己推出另外一個與本公司已有產品競爭的產品,從而導致自相競爭)
              Hummer 東風漢馬(軍用越野車)
              vanilla transaction “一般”交易,沒有特殊條款的 to keep costs down
              limited recourse financing 有限追索權融資
              quorum 法定人數
              apprise notify



              tender offer 標購;股權收購;(Tender Offer主要是指收購者面向股東,繞過管理層提出收購公司的價格建議。多個標購者會在價格競爭中表達自己的戰略意圖和管理能力,在股東和董事會的公開選擇下勝出。所以許多經濟學家把Tender Offer,稱為對資本主義的修正,是資本主義的"修理廠",可以提高資本主義的效率。很多企業特別是在繁榮的時候,更多想到成就感,買飛機、買游輪,高額消費,實際是損害股東利益,而股東又無法制約。因為在美國,股權是分散在千百萬股民手里,不是公司的直接所有者,所以他只能"用腳投票"的方式選擇公司而不是管理者,這樣助長了管理層浪費公司資本的情況。
              (tax) incidence 歸宿;承擔者
              a priori probability 演繹/推理概率
              accounting profit 與implicit costs的對比;與economic profit相對;in the long run, the economic profit will equal zero
              adaptive/rational expectations the former is based on recent years' results, thus easier to make systematic errors,
              addition rule P(A or B)=P(A)+P(B)-P(AB)
              allocative inefficiency
              alternative cost 即opportunity cost
              alternative hypothesis 對立假設(即推翻null hypothesis之后即行成立的假設)
              American terms USD/FC, used only for GBP (Note: this European/American terms only refer to interbank market)
              bank run 擠兌
              Bayes' formula (theorum) 貝葉斯 P(I!O)*P(O) = P(O!I)*P(I)
              bells and whistles 修飾得更好的東西
              Beta 這是單個stock的系統風險,考慮了business, financial, liquidity, exchange rate, country/political risk, 再乘以上述基準即得到該股票的expected return
              bid-ask spread (ask - bid)/ask %
              binomial distribution 二項分布
              block (minimum size)成批
              Board of Governors 美聯儲理事會
              BOP (balance of payments) 國際收支 國際收支平衡表(Balance of Payments Statement)是一個國家在一定時期內(一年、半年、一季或一個月)所有對外外匯收支的系統記錄,并應用會計原則,是按照會計核算的借貸平衡方式編制,經過調整最終達到帳面上收付平衡的統計報表。它包括經常項目(Current Acount)、資本項目(Capital Account)、平衡項目三大類。經常項目是其中最重要、最基本的項目,是一個實項目,其所記錄的各項交易都是以所有權的轉移為特征的。資本項目反映的是以貨幣表示的債權、債務在國際問的變動,所記錄的交易是以轉換使用權而所有權不變為特征的。因此因借貸資本而衍生之利息、股利、利潤等則屬于經常項目項下的勞務收支。平衡項目則是對自主性交易出現缺口或差額時進行的彌補性交易的記錄,以及為最終正式帳面平衡所進行會計調整的記錄,其作用在于最終實現國際收支平衡表中外匯收入與外匯支出相等,達成帳面上的平衡。
              budget constraint line 預算約束線(與indifference curve的切點為最佳點(投入最少))
              caveat 警示語
              central limit theorem 聲稱sample mean接近population mean,而s等于s/n1/2
              chebyshev's inequality 切比雪夫不等式(在k>1時,分布在k個standard deviation內的事件幾率不小于1-1/k2(百分比表示)
              clearing house 清算中心;清算所
              closed-circuit TV 閉路電視
              coefficient of variation = s/X 變異系數(等于standard deviation除以mean),描述的是偏移量與均值之間的相對關系;越大說明偏移得越厲害
              collection 托收
              collusion the opposite of competition; happened among oligoplistic companies
              confidence interval e.g., the 95% confidence interval is mean - 1.96s - mean +1.96s
              consumer surplus 消費者愿意付出比market price多的部分
              contestable market market with low entry cost or barrier
              continuously compounded rate of return 等于In(s1/s0),注意,永遠小于等于HPR
              correlation coefficient 關聯系數=Cov/S1*S2
              critical value 臨界值;實際上就是對應confidence interval的z值,也相當于standard deviation/error的倍數
              cross rate 因為interbank與local的quote方式不同而成為必要
              crowding-out effect 排擠效果。. 在經濟學原理上,當政府施實擴張性財政政策(IS曲線右移)時,造成市場利率上升,反而使民間投資減少的的情況。
              cumulative density function (cdf) F(x)=(x-a)/(b-a) 累積分布函數
              currency board "貨幣發行局(機制) 在貨幣自由浮動的國家,一般都能享有貨幣政策的自主權,而貨幣政策(monetary policy)往往是影響經濟的一種手段。例如經濟疲弱,銀行沒有足夠銀根借予企業,便會將利率推高,于是企業可能會因為利率高企,而被迫裁員,甚至結業。對此情況,政府可透過貨幣政策去放寬銀根,令銀行有充足金錢去借給企業,達到刺激經濟的目的。不過,在放寬銀根的同時,亦會導致通脹上升,不利該國的貨幣,匯兌會有貶值的壓力。
              一個國家貨幣匯率的穩定性是十分重要,特別是一個國家的國民生產總值若大部分與國際貿易有關,穩定的匯價對于出入口商進行國際貿易將更為方便。以港元為例,以1美元兌7.8港元的匯率進行兌換,出入口商便不用考慮美元兌港元的匯率風險。而貨幣發行局機制,基本是穩定匯率的一種辦法。以港元為例,每發行一元港幣便需有等值美元(根據7.8換算)支持。理論上,由于發行港幣時要有美元支持,就算把港元全面收回,政府亦有足夠的美元儲備去應付,所以港元兌美元匯率可以固定在7.8的水平。不過,貨幣發行局機制的一個缺點,是政府會損失貨幣政策的自主性,因為匯價穩定,政府就不能用貨幣政策去干預市場。 "
              data set 數據集;subset
              deadweight loss 無謂損失;某個產品越elastic,則遭致的DWL就越大,因為consumer會去找替代品,而對于inelastic的產品,DWL小
              degree of freedom 等于sample size減去1,n-1
              dependent variable 因變量,也稱explained/endogenous/predicted variable
              deposit expansion multiplier 存款放大系數(等于reserve ratio的倒數)
              direct quote DC/FC, (standard)
              directive 指示
              discount rate the interest rate the central bank charges banks for short-term loans
              discrete uniform distribution 概率相等的離散分布
              discretely compounded rate of return 即HPR (holding period return) =(S1-S0)/S0
              discretionary account 自有支配的賬戶/客戶?? 指基金經理可以自行決定買賣,而無需根據某個principle,對比undiscretionary
              diseconomies of scale 規模不經濟(當marginal cost超過variable cost時造成成本上升)
              economic decision vs. statistical decision 前者要考慮transaction costs
              efficient frontier 效率前沿(投資上一定會考慮到風險及報酬,當我們在承擔不同的風險點時,在每一個風險點一定有一個投資組合可以達到最大投資報酬率)
              elasticity (價格)彈性;是否有substitute
              European Terms 指FC/USD (domestic currency/foreign currency), this is the standard
              expectational vs. historical 這也就是為什么有兩種計算variance的公式的原因:一種是估計值,所以的E(x),用P(i)*R(iI)來計算;另外一種則是歷史數據,所以要除以n(如是sample,則除以n-1);另外Cov的計算方法也不一樣,一種是Pi*(R(i)-E(i)),一種是除以N,總之區別就是一種用概率p,一種則是除以n。另外記住,Corr的公式是Cov/S1*S2。
              explicit/implicit costs
              fiscal policy 財政政策(試與monetary policy對比),其表現為tax,budget deficit/surplus
              front running 先跑 利用掌握若干信息的優勢而優先處理若干買賣盤的這種違規行為
              game theory; prisoner's dilemma 博奕理論; or "interactive decision"
              GATT General Agreement on Tariff and Trade
              gross of (or) net of 包含,或,不包含
              guesstimate 瞎猜
              high-net-worth individual rich man
              histogram 柱狀圖
              historical simulation 利用歷史數據,隨機抽取,預測未來;缺點:1. 不能考慮某些特定情況; 2. 不能進行”what if"分析。
              impinge on 侵犯(independence)
              inaction 無作為
              income elasticity equals Qty change/income change, if >1, then necessity, if <1, then luxury
              inconsistent probabilities 指兩項資產的定價是根據同一事件的不同概率做出的,從而有套利的可能性
              independent events by definition: P(A!B)=P(A)
              independent variable 自變量,也稱explanatory/exogenous/predicting variable
              indifference curve 無差異曲線(可以是蘋果、梨子的組合,也可以是風險和回報的組合);記住圖形形狀
              indirect quote FC/DC, used in UK and US
              inferior good 劣質產品
              intercept 截距
              interest rate parity theorem "利息平價理論 利率平價理論 (Interest Rate Parity) 指出,在匯率和利率之間應該有套戥的機會。它的意思是,一個貨幣的升值或貶值,都應該會隨著利率的改變而被抵消。比方說,如果美元利率比日圓利率高的話,那么根據利率平價理論,美元兌日圓應該會下跌。它的理據是,由于持有日圓要付出利息,所以投資者便需要通過匯率下跌來得到相應的補償。

              但是,自1990年以來,盡管美元利率比日圓利率高,可是美元兌日圓卻升值了,所以利率平價理論被否定。其中一個理由是,投資者為了賺取更高的利息收入,而把資金轉移到高息的貨幣,因此令該高息貨幣升值。這種買賣策略被稱為 “carry trades”。"
              interval scale 等距尺度(按相等間距,例如溫度,但零不表示任何意義)
              J-Curve effect 指本國貨幣貶值后,貿易差額暫時惡化(即更為逆差)的情況(因為合同是長期的,以貶值的貨幣去購買國外產品會更糟)
              kurtosis 峰度
              least square regression line 最小平方回歸直線
              leptokurtic 尖峰狀
              loanable funds
              lognormal distribution 對數常態分布 Y=ex 其中x是常態分布,但顯然Y不是,特點:1. Skewed right; 2. Always>0
              lowball 虛低價
              M0, M1, M2 M0為流通現金,M1為M0加上活期存款,M2為M1加上定期存款
              MAD(mean absolute deviation) 平均絕對離差
              marginal probability a.k.a., unconditional probability
              marginal revenue product 邊際收益產品(note:this is from the viewpoint of input) 等于邊際收益乘以邊際產品。如果廠商追加一單位投人進行生產并出售產品而得到一個額外收人,那么這個額外收人就是邊際收益產品。(等于marginal product * final good price (in case of price taker)) ,實際上就是marginal revenue,只不過是從resource/input的角度來看
              marginal utility 邊際效用
              market risk premium 這是將整個market視為一個portfolio,將其回報率(已經考慮了systematic risk)與nomial RF rate的差值作為基準,
              markup 漲價
              mode 眾數
              monopolistic competition 介于monopoly/oligopoly和pure/perfect competition之間的一種市場形態,特點是多個獨立廠商,生產不同質的產品
              Monte Carlo simulation 利用隨機數,產生隨機樣本,以預測投資策略等; 之所以用simulation是因為mathematical計算可能過于復雜
              mosaic theory 通過各個公開渠道的信息得出某個結論
              MPC Marginal propensity to consume; expenditure multiplier = 1/(1-MPC)
              multiplication rule P(AB)=P(A!B)*P(B)
              mutually exclusive vs. independent mutually exclusive意指一次只能發生一個event,而independent指兩個event互相不為條件,對于前者P(A or B)=P(A)+P(B); 對于后者P(A!B)=P(A), P(AB)=P(A)*P(B)
              natural monopoly 自然壟斷;傳統經濟學理論定義的自然壟斷是指如下情況:由于生產技術具有規模經濟的特征,平均成本隨產量的增加而遞減,從而,最小有效規模要求只有一個企業生產。 一個廠商或一個行業的產品的平均成本,在其規模擴大的整個過程中都明顯下降,例如地方電力傳輸。在這種場合,該行業若由一個廠商、或由一個壟斷廠商來經營,就會比多個企業能更有效率地提供全部產出。 最重要的特點就是economies of scale
              nominal risk-free rate 即real RF rate再考慮inflation premium的因素 注意:是(1+a)(1+b)=1+c,近似為c=a+b
              nominal scale 名義尺度(沒有順序,隨機)
              normal distribution 常態分布 features: 1. Symmetrical; 2. Skewness=0; 3. Kurtosis=3; 4. Fixed confidence interval (68%-1, 90%-1.65, 95%-1.96, 99%-2.58)
              null hypothesis 虛無假設(即意欲推翻的假設)
              odd lot 零星交易/股票
              odds 等于P(A)/(1-P(A))
              one-tailed, one-sided 推翻null hypothesis后,剩下的結論只是一邊的,如a<0
              ordinal scale 順序尺度(按次序)
              parameter (在統計學中),指總體(population)的一個屬性
              performance bond 履約保證金
              permutation and combination 排列與組合 (即P與C)
              philips curve relations between inflation and unemployment rate
              platykurtic 扁平狀
              policy ineffectiveness theorem believes that policy changes only affect prices, not affecting output or unemployment; therefore, non-activist
              power of the test 等于1 - 出現Type II error的幾率,如果有多個tests,應該選取最powerful,也即power of the test值最大的test
              preclear, prior clearance 事先批準(比如防止雇員私自個人交易)
              price ceilings/floors tend to lead to shortage/surplus
              price discrimination 價格歧視;差別定價
              price taker vs. price searcher price searcher生產的是differentiated products, while price taker manufactures the same products, therefore it is inelastic
              principal-agent problem 地主-傭工之矛盾
              probability density function (pdf) f(x)=1/(b-a) 幾率密度函數
              proprietary trader (證券)自營商
              prospect prospective client
              provision "撥備“
              proxy voting 代理投票
              purchasing power parity 購買力平價理論 (Purchasing Power Parity) 指出,貨幣匯率應該按照每個國家之間的相對物價為標準,也就是說,兩個貨幣的匯率應該等于這兩個國家的物價水平(以一固定攬子的貨物和服務來計算)的比例。因此,如果物價上升或出現通脹,貨幣就應該貶值,來抵消任何套戥的機會。而套戥機會的意思是,當同一件貨物有不同的價錢,買方與賣方就可以在沒有風險的情況下,通過短期的價格差距來獲得的利潤。
              quantile 分位數
              range 極差(統);最大值減去最小值
              ratio scale 比例尺度(最好的表示法,例如錢)
              real risk-free rate 即利率
              referral fee 介紹人(客戶)費
              required reserve ratio (銀行)要求準備金
              safety-first rules
              sampling distribution sampling引起的不同mean的distribution,注意,這和underlying variable的distribution是不同的
              sampling error 相當于sample mean減去population mean
              scatter plot 分布圖(兩個變量作為X、Y軸)
              second law of demand 指從長期來看,price elasticity要比短期的大(因為短期不好找到substitute,而長期可以找到)
              Securities Firms with Concurrent Operations in (Futures Trading Business ) 他業兼營
              SFratio = (E(Rp)-Rl)/s 這里SF指satety first,該公式與Sharpe ratio很像(Rp-Rf)/s,區別是用threshold值代替了risk-free return,其含義是:同一個unit的風險,高于Rl的值越大,越好 注意:threshold的值取得不同,最佳portfolio的選取結果也是不一樣的
              Sharpe ratio=(Rp-Rf)/standard deviation of portfolio It measures excess return per unit of risk, so that the quality of the return of different portfolios can be compared,描述每單位風險帶來的收益。注意與變異系數的區別。
              shortfall risk (資產)價格掉到某個水平之下的風險
              sight L/C 即期信用證
              significance level 顯著標準;用于衡量出現Type I 錯誤的幾率;用Alpha表示 寫為at a significance level of 5%
              simple linear regression 一個倚變數和一個自變數之間的線性關系
              simple random sampling 被選中的機會均等
              skewness 偏態(理解positive skew和negative skew的形成(是因為有非常大的outlier的存在,造成比如mean>median>mode, 對于positive而言)
              soft dollars products or services other than execution of securities transactions are obtained by an adviser from or through a broker-dealer in exchange for the direction by the adviser of client brokerage transactions to the broker-dealer
              special drawing rights (with IMF) 特別提款權
              spot 現貨
              spurious correlation 偽關聯
              SPV (Special Purpose Vehicle) 資產證券化是指將缺乏流動性但能夠產生未來現金流的資產,通過結構性重組,轉變為可以在金融市場上銷售和流通的證券,并據以融資的過程。在這一過程中,原始權益人將被證券化的基礎資產轉移給特別目的載體(SPV),SPV以該基礎資產所產生的現金流為支撐向投資者發行資產支撐證券,并用發行收入購買基礎資產,最終以基礎資產所產生的現金流償還投資者。
              squared error 平方誤差
              stagflation 滯脹
              standard error 等于s/n1/2,因為是mean的s,所以要比underlying population的s要小很多,而且sample size越大,s越小
              standard error of sample mean 等于:s/n1/2 (s是population的standard deviation,而n是sample size) 相當于:不同sample means 的mean仍然是population的mean,但是sample means離polulation mean的standard deviation則要小了 如果population的s未知,則用sample的s近似替代
              standard normal distribution 標準常態分布 features: 1. Mean=0; 2. S=1 (standard deviation)
              statutory (tax) incidence 政府規定是由買方還是賣方承擔tax;不會影響實際的tax incidence或deadweight loss
              stratified random sampling 與simple的不同之處在于其是在strata中選取的
              sunk costs 即fixed costs
              test statistic 檢定統計量(=(sample statistic - hypothesized value)/standard error)
              time series sample vs. cross-sectional data 一個是不同時間點,一個是同一個時間點
              trade-date accounting vs. settlement-date accounting 交易發生日 和 結算日
              t-test 條件比z-test更寬泛(sample size<30; not normally distributed; population variance unknown)
              two-tailed, two-sided 推翻null hypothesis后,剩下的結論有兩邊,如a不等于0
              Type I error 推翻了原本正確的hypothesis的錯誤
              Type II error 錯誤的hypothesis而沒有推翻
              unimodal, bimodal 單一眾數;雙眾數
              Unitary elasticity 單位彈性(指價格和需求的反向變化正好抵消,也即價格×需求的值不變)
              usance L/C 遠期信用證
              whisper number 謠言的數字(比如某個公司實際的盈利,但尚未披露)
              z-test 兩個條件:1. Population variance已知;2. Normal distribution
              z-value =(x-mean)/s 由z的值判定該值的可能性落在哪個百分比之內,要注意的是,這個z值對應的是cumulative,不過用1減去對應的百分比就是反面的負值,從而可以得出一個分布的范圍 同樣要記住的是:z反映的是standard deviation的倍數
              voluntary export restraint 自動出口設限; a non-tariff barrier to trade
              unified currency 統一貨幣,如歐元
              nostro account 國外同業帳戶 A banking term to describe an account one bank holds with a bank in a foreign country, usually in the currency of that foreign country
              Herstatt risk 跨國貨幣結算風險(或赫思塔特風險)
              summary suspension 立刻吊銷??
              cannibalization 市場侵蝕 Corporate cannibalism occurs when companies introduce new products into a market in which these products are already established. In effect, the new products are competing against their own incumbent products.
              floating cost 發行(股票)費用
              externality impact on (third party??)
              cash outlay 現金支出
              half-year convention 即3年的Depreciation期要延長為4年(因為頭尾兩年都是落在年中)
              accountability (董事)問責制
              TIE ratio (Times Interest Earned) = EBIT/Interest 利息倍數(衡量liquidity償債能力)
              clean, qualified, adverse, disclaimer of opinions 無保留意見,保留意見,反面意見,拒絕表示意見(Audit Report中)
              intermediary 中介機構
              tax credit 免稅/抵稅(比如fuel credit)
              recoverability test
              Lessee's incremental borrowing rate the rate of interest the lessee would have to pay on a similar lease or, if that is not determinable, the rate that, at the inception of the lease, the lessee would incur to borrow over a similar term, and with a similar security, the funds necessary to purchase the asset.
              carrying cost 持有成本?
              boot strapping 用自己的錢投資創業;compared with "venture capital"
              corner the market 莊家控股
              pooling of interests




              (grant) indulgence 延期
              (through) consultations (通過)協商
              ?? 權利主張
              ?? 專享選擇權
              ?? 公契
              a quorum is not constituted 未達到法定人數
              abatement 減免
              Accountability System 問責制
              accrued obligations and rights 已生效的權利和義務
              ad valorem duty 從價稅
              admissibility in evidence 作為證據可被接受
              adoption 通過
              advance 墊款
              affiliate 關聯方
              AHU 空氣處理(系統)
              allegation 主張,指控
              ancillary agreement 附屬協議
              approval authority 審批機關
              arm's length 公平;但這里的公平更多的是independent的意思
              arranger 安排行??
              assert (right) 主張
              assign 受讓人
              audit committee 審計委員會
              authorized share capital 法定股本
              auto walk 自動扶梯
              be aware of 知悉
              be subject to criminal prosecution; be held criminally liable 追究刑事責任
              binding on … 對…有約束力
              bonded warehouse 保稅倉庫
              book entry bond 記賬式國債 ( Securities that are recorded in electronic records, called book entries, rather than as paper certificates. )
              business registration certificate 公司注冊登記證
              BVI (British Virgin Islands)
              cancel share(s) 注銷股份
              capital adequacy ratio 資本充足率
              capital allowance 資本免稅額
              capital verification report 驗資報告
              carve-out ???
              Cash collateral 現金抵押(通常是由原始權益人在一個共管帳戶(ESCREW ACCOUNT)中存入相當于發行規模一定比例的現金,比如6%10%,用于可能出現信用損失或流動性損失的彌補。)
              casting vote 決定票
              cease to have effect 停止有效
              Cement mortar 水泥砂漿
              Certificate for the use of state-owned land 國有土地使用證
              certified mail 掛號信
              certify to … as (being true, equal) 向…證明
              chairman 召集人
              China Banking Regulatory Commission 中國銀監會
              circumstances 情況
              clamshell handset 翻蓋式手機
              CMO (collateralized mortgage obligation) 抵押按揭債務憑證
              code of conduct 守則
              comfort letter 安慰函(政府或公司律師出具的證明公司良好的證明)
              communication 通信
              compensated use 有償使用
              compliance dept. 監察稽核部
              composition 和解
              compound with 妥協;和解
              condemnation 征用
              conditions precedent 先決條件
              confer on (institution) 授予
              conscious of 知悉
              consideration 對價;約因 a vital element in the law of contracts, consideration is a benefit which must be bargained for between the parties, and is the essential reason for a party entering into a contract. Consideration must be of value (at least to the parties), and is exchanged for the performance or promise of performance by the other party (such performance itself is consideration). In a contract, one consideration (thing given) is exchanged for another consideration. Not doing an act (forbearance) can be consideration, such as "I will pay you $1,000 not to build a road next to my fence." Sometimes consideration is "nominal," meaning it is stated for form only, such as "$10 as consideration for conveyance of title," which is used to hide the true amount being paid. Contracts may become unenforceable or rescindable (undone by rescission) for "failure of consideration" when the intended consideration is found to be worth less than expected, is damaged or destroyed, or performance is not made properly (as when the mechanic does not make the car run properly). Acts which are illegal or so immoral that they are against established public policy cannot serve as consideration for enforceable contracts. Examples: prostitution, gambling where outlawed, hiring someone to break a skater's knee or inducing someone to breach an agreement (talk someone into backing out of a promise).
              constitutive 組織性
              continuing obligation 持續性義務
              contributions to 出資
              controlling shareholder 控股股東
              counterclaim 反索
              covenant 承諾
              covered warrant 備兌憑證
              credit 減免???
              credit certificate 資信證明
              credit underwriting 信用擔保
              cumulative 累積性的
              currency indemnity 貨幣兌換賠償
              currency of account 記賬幣種
              date of agreement 協議簽署日
              deadlock 僵局
              deduction 扣減
              deed of guarantee 擔保契約
              default interest 罰息
              Defaults 違約
              definition 釋義
              development agreement 開發協議
              discharge (obligation, responsibility) 履行
              disciplinary proceeding 懲戒性程序
              dissenting view 異議
              dissolution 解散
              distress 扣押
              domestic enterprise 內資企業
              double tax treaty 避免雙重征稅協定
              Downspout 雨水管
              drawdown, rollover 提款,???
              due and payable 到期應付
              duly authorized 正式授權
              earnest money 保證金
              Electricity tariff 電費
              eminent domain proceeding 征收程序
              Employees' Assembly 職工代表大會
              emulsion painting 乳膠漆
              encumbrancer 負擔權益人
              enforceability 可執行性
              escrow (第三方)托管 (for instance: escrow agreement, A certificate provided by an approved bank that guarantees the indicated securities are deposited at that particular bank. )
              evidence conclusively 結論性證據
              evidencing 證實
              examination and approval 審批
              exclusivity 排他性
              execute a contract 簽署合同
              exempt 多半是“免稅”的意思
              exposure 敞口
              expressly 明確地
              extraordinary shareholders meeting 臨時股東大會
              facility 貸款、融通(工具)(for instance, Committed Facility: A credit facility whereby terms and conditions are clearly defined by the lending institution and imposed upon the borrowing company. In committed facilities, the borrowing companies must meet specific requirements set forth by the lending institution in order to receive the stated funds.
              failing agreement of the Parties 如雙方未能共同認可
              fans 風機
              filing for record 報備案
              filing of… with…
              foreign invested enterprise 外資企業
              forthwith 立即
              franked dividends 稅務減免股息
              fume exhaust cover 排油煙罩
              general law
              giving effect to ???
              good faith negotiations 誠意的商談
              good title 妥善業權
              grease traps 隔油池
              gross negligence 嚴重疏忽
              hand-over 移交?
              have back 收回??
              head office (銀行)總行
              honorary title 榮譽稱號
              illegal restriction of personal freedom 非法限制人身自由
              illegality 不合法
              immunity 豁免權
              improvement (建筑)增建
              imputation system, 歸原稅制
              in all respects ???
              in full force and effect 充分效力
              in witness whereof 以資證明
              indebtedness 債務
              In-house congress 企業法律顧問論壇
              injunctive relief 法令救濟;禁止性救濟
              input tax 進項稅;投入稅,實際上就是已經支付的稅(特指GST?)
              input tax credit 因為進項稅一般可以退,所以這是指可以退還的部分
              insolvency 資不抵債;無力償債
              institute 仲裁院
              instrument 文書
              insurance of persons 人壽保險
              intercreditor
              interference 干預
              investment certificate 出資證明
              investment vehicle
              issued share capital 已發行股本
              jurisdiction 管轄權
              Know all men by these presents 特此由(presents)向(all men)公告
              landscaping 綠化
              lateral transfer 公司內部平級調整
              Law of Land Administration of the People's Republic of China 中華人民共和國土地管理法
              lawful money 法定貨幣
              letter of compliance 符合規定證明
              letter of offer 貸款獻議書
              limitation of liability 責任上限
              liquidated damages 違約金??
              lock-out (工廠)停工
              LOTUS 在CC指興業銀行
              M/E 機電
              management accounts 管理賬目
              mandatory requirements 法定…要求
              manifest error 明顯的錯誤
              Market Access 市場準入
              marketable title 可轉讓產權
              master agreement 總協定
              MBS Pass-Through 按揭支持過手證券
              mediation 調解
              memorandum of association (公司)組織大綱
              mogas motor gasoline, 車用汽油
              movable tangibles 動產
              NASD(National Association of Securities Dealers) 全美證券交易商協會
              nationalise 收歸國有
              non-defaulting party 守約方
              non-exclusive jurisdiction 非排他性司法管轄權
              non-slip 防滑
              noticed 注意到
              notwithstanding anything to the contrary in … 即使…有任何相反的規定
              Notwithstanding the foregoing 盡管有以上規定
              Obligor borrower, guarantor
              officer 人員
              on the faith of 憑…的信用;基于
              one-tier corporate tax system 單一公司稅制; 公司的盈利在繳付公司稅后,派發給股東的股息便不須繳稅。換句話說,政府只向公司收稅,顯著簡化了公司派發股息的過程,而對股東而言,股息收入將是免稅的。
              ongoing operations 持續經營
              operating permit 經營許可證
              order 有“指令”的意思
              original 正本
              out of malice 出于惡意
              out of pocket expenditures 零星開支
              out-of-expenses ??? (零星開支)
              outstanding 未償還的
              overdue amount 未繳款項
              own-brand 使用自己商標的
              pari passu 平等權利;同等權益;按相同比例
              partial invalidity 部分無效
              participation 參股
              pass on to 攤派
              passage of time 時間推移
              pay to the order of (實際上就是收款人)付XX公司…
              payable monthly in arrears 每月一欠
              Penalties 罰則
              pledge, or encumber 設置質押,設置擔保
              practice 做法
              prescribed period 規定期限
              principal outstanding 未償本金
              proceed against 起訴
              proceeding 程序
              proforma financial statement 試算財務報表
              promoter 發起人
              promotional literature 宣傳資料
              publicly available laws ???
              Puttying 刮膩子
              ramp area 坡道
              receiver 接管人
              receivership 破產管理
              recurring, recurrent 經常性
              register of shareholders 股東名冊
              reimbursement 償付
              reinstate 復原
              remedy 修正
              remittance advice 匯款單
              representations 陳述
              repudiate, repudiation 否認
              resolved 特此決議
              rollover 展期??
              rules and procedures 規則和程序
              SAFE (State Administration of Foreign Exchange) 國家外匯管理局
              safe-box 保管箱
              save as (disclosed) 除了 (披露) 的外
              seal affixed 加蓋公章
              secured revolving loan credit facility 有抵押的貸款額度
              senior subordinated notes 優先次級本票
              sent by post 郵寄
              septic tanks 化糞池
              serve (order, summons) 送達
              serve consecutive terms 連任
              serve notice on 向…發通知
              set-off 抵消
              settlement 轉讓(契約);因(契約)而轉讓
              shaft 管井
              share capital 股本
              side letter 單邊保證函
              signed client 簽約客戶
              sliding door 自動門
              smoke exhaust 排煙
              soft dollar agreement Firm A uses research from Firm B in exchange for Firm B executing all of Firm A's trades.
              specific performance (守約方要求違約方繼續)具體履行(某些條款)
              specimen signature 樣簽
              splitting (seperation) 分立
              square off 平盤 未平倉的合約 (Open Position) Squaring off is placing the opposite order to the position you currently hold
              staircase 樓梯間
              State Administration of Industry and Commerce 國家工商行政管理局
              State-owned Land Use Certificate 國有土地使用證
              statute of limitations 時效期間
              striking out 除名(從公司登記處)
              subject matter 題述事項
              subject to 受限于
              subsist 存在
              subsisting ????
              substantive law 實體法(與Procedural相對)
              successor 繼承人
              supplementary articles 附則
              Supplementary Provisions 附則
              survival 繼續生效
              syndicated loans 銀團貸款(多家銀行貸款,通常是固定利率加一個floating rate)
              takeover 接收
              tank farm 儲油站
              tax credits 稅務減免
              tax gross-up 包稅
              tax regime
              tenant 承租人;(期限?)
              tenor 期限
              term of appointment 任期
              term of office 任期
              terms and conditions 條款和條件
              Tertiary treated wastewater 中水
              the Administrative Urban Real Property Laws of the People's Republic of China 城市房地產管理法
              there is and has been 現時和一直以來均
              third party financing
              tiles sticking 貼面磚
              To the best of the Seller's knowledge, information and belief 在賣方知悉、知曉和相信的范圍內
              trial measure 試行
              trowelling 抹平
              under … (agreement) 在….項下
              under… 所載
              undersigned 下方簽署人
              undertake to do 承諾
              undertaking 承諾
              undertaking 業務(比如與property并列)
              unilaterally 單方地
              Uni, ncorporated Joint Venture 非法人型合資企業
              unsatisfied judgment 不執行生效判決
              warranty 保證
              wear and tear allowance 耗損免稅額
              whereupon 屆時
              willful misconduct 故意贖職
              winding-up 停業
              withholding 預繳、預扣
              without prejudice to 在不影響…的情況下,無損
              without reference to 不管,不論,與…無關
              writ 令狀
              無伙伴關系
              連帶責任擔保(即銀行放棄追索貸款人而直接要求擔保企業歸還銀行貸款)
              primary liability 首要責任
              indulgence 有“延期”的意思
              contribution 出資
              Company Ordinances (香港)公司條例
              podium 裙樓
              ring road 環路
              Grade-A office complexes A級寫字樓
              sense of place 地方感
              master planning 總體規劃
              staggered 錯開的
              availability 可得性
              expression 用語
              for the purpose of 為…之目的
              personal delivery 專人遞送
              counterpart 復本
              non-availability 不可得
              avoidance 使無效,撤銷
              Bankruptcy Remoteness 破產隔離”
              in good standing 存續;良好營業
              acknowledge 認知
              beneficially owned 實益擁有
              tenancy agreement 租約;(租期)
              surrender agreement 退租書
              co-terminus 同期限???
              official capacity 權能
              in furtherance of 促成
              relate to 敘述
              printed matter 出版物
              publicity 宣傳
              knowingly 故意,蓄意
              instrumentality (政府)職能部門
              where applicable
              record keeping 簿記
              commitment letter
              restate, restatement 歷史賬目的重新編寫(重排),因為出售等
              omit to do, omission, inaction 不作為
              specifiy 載明
              discretionary power 自主決定權
              power of sale 強制拍賣權
              in regard thereof 就此
              encumbrance 擔保權益
              implied warranty 默示擔保
              incidental damages 附帶損害
              consequential damages 間接損害
              registered office 注冊營業處
              agree as follows 約定如下
              release 豁免
              previous incarnation 前身
              serve consecutive terms 連任
              clear-cut
              captive power plant 自備電廠
              overhaul (bank sector)
              turnaround 逆轉
              CBRC China Banking Regulatory Commission
              outsmart be smarter than
              circumvent the rules
              inequality
              capital stock
              TFP, Total Factor Productivity 指在勞力和資金的投入沒有變化的情況之下,所有能夠改進生產方法來增加產出的因素。這些附加的因素包括了工藝技術,革新,優等的管理技術,專門化的貢獻,增加的效率
              megalopolis
              cherry-picking
              triggering thresholds
              business tunrover
              employee settlement plan
              private equity powerhouse the Carlyle Group
              company limited by shares 股份有限公司
              MOFTEC,現在更名為MOFCOM Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation
              MOFCOM Ministry of Commerce
              ADB (IFC) multilateral institutions; Asian Development Bank
              sub-branch (銀行)支行
              disbanding the transition management committee
              investee bank here investee means invested
              capital adequacy ratio (銀行)資本充足率
              provincial-level
              approval certificate
              rule-of-man/rule-of-law
              NGO Non-governmental organizations
              Moody's 穆迪
              a.k.a also known as
              flotation 就是listing
              down payment 首付
              oversubscription 超額認購
              disintermediation 去中間商(比如,銀行的作用隨著公司自身的finance company的出現而削弱)
              no-win ineffective measure
              intraday 當日的
              central enterprise 中央企業
              inter-bank 跨行
              FX 外匯
              in their entirety 全文
              fruit machine 吃角子老虎
              sweepstaker 賭博,彩票
              private plated car 私家牌照車
              comptroller 審計員
              arm's length 公平地
              capital allowances 資本免稅額
              unabsorbed 未吸納的
              nitty-gritty essence
              principal trading vs. agency trading, means market maker or dealer
              inception 起期
              cast doubt on 質疑
              capital return 資本回收(與ROC對比)
              in net in summary
              value delivery 價值讓渡
              value proposition 價值主張
              copyright owner 著作人
              only …元整
              patent assignee 專利權人
              surety 擔保人
              joint and several liability guarantee 連帶責任擔保
              onlending 轉貸
              functioning department (企業的)職能部門
              obligatory relationships 債權債務關系
              standby L/C 備用信用證
              amount in word?? (英文)大寫
              Land- Block / Lot / Parcel / Plot 好像是從大到小排列
              as is “按照現狀”
              cap fee 封頂收費
              Ares Communications Tech.,Lnc 泓越科技股份有限公司
              signature card (銀行)印鑒卡
              transfer voucher 轉賬憑證
              payee 收款人
              Rolling Slats Door 卷簾門
              We refer to…. 茲就……,特致此函。
              In view of the above, 鑒于以上所述,
              pay up 繳清
              (loans) delinquent in the payment of principal or interest for ninety (90) days 未償付本金或利息達九十天的貸款
              circular 通函
              counterclaim 反訴
              present 現時的
              as of 截至
              claim against a proprietary right; 物上請求權
              state-owned assets administrative authorities 國有資產管理機構
              documents verification 文件查驗
              procure to deliver 備妥
              levelling of the land 場地平整
              express reference 明示
              communications 函件
              date/place of incorporation (公司)成立時間、地點
              subject to license where a license if required 涉及許可經營的憑許可證經營
              fully paid up 足額繳付;繳清
              removal and relocation 動遷
              damages 損害賠償金
              priveleged communication 特許可以(在法庭上)不泄漏的信息

               
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